The AIDS Epidemic Outbreak

Who might have ever imagined that a malady, potentially brought to America by contaminated African monkeys, would influence the nation for eternity? This is actually what occurred in the late nineteenth century when the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was acquainted with America. The unusual pandemic made an enormous shock for a considerable length of time come. The episode of the HIV infection, AIDS, in the mid 1980†³s brought about clinical examination, open misguided judgments, and at last developing mindfulness. Showing up first just in quite a while, AIDS was a new infection to the whole United States. Reports of obscure and unexplainable indications created a lot of turmoil among patients and even specialists. In 1981, the main reports clarified that 41 gay men in the San Fransisco region had â€Å"†¦ an uncommon and regularly quickly lethal type of cancer† (Altman n. p. ). Following quite a while of exploring these cases and a large number of others showing up later in the decade, researchers found that it was not malignant growth they were managing. They called it HIV (Human Immune Virus) which prompts AIDS (Acquired Immune lack Syndrome) that â€Å"†¦ rogressively wrecks the body†s capacity to battle contaminations and certain cancers† (ARIC n. p. ). With insignificant examination there was nothing to at first â€Å"combat† the infection; however, on account of time and subsidizing, there were a few medications that appeared to help stop the spread of the infection in ones body. These enemy of retroviral sedates still don't establish as fixes ! for the infection, however have certainly caused and keep on helping patients live more (ARIC n. p. ). Since an antibody to â€Å"†¦ summon a resistant framework reaction that will forestall contamination or sickness development† still has not been discovered, different medicines have been tried. Accupuncture, stress the executives, entrancing, work out, great sustenance, and a general uplifting demeanor all appear to ease manifestations regardless of whether they are not demonstrated fixes of the infection (Packer 78-88). Despite the fact that AIDS is a hazardous illness, there were numerous individuals living with it by protecting sound and remaining. Scott Fried had not attempted any of the aniviral drugs; be that as it may, practices, for example, taking 80 herbs and nutrients daily, remaining truly fit, visiting the specialist like clockwork, and being upbeat have kept him buzzing with the infection for a long time (Fried speach). Most casualties have not lived as long as he which is the reason AIDS has lead to some broad exploration. Agents upheld by private and open subsidizes kept on looking for a fix or even a clarification of HIV/AIDS for two decades since like the â€Å"b! need plague†, AIDS has killed off a large number of individuals in a brief timeframe. Additionally like the dark plague did, AIDS conveyed with it a long series of misguided judgments. In the Middle Ages anybody conveying the â€Å"black plague† was to be maintained a strategic distance from. Additionally, the general population would frequently keep away from individuals with AIDS. There were manufactures that AIDS could be gotten by another person from wheezing, hacking, embracing, kissing or even any â€Å"casual contact† ; along these lines, individuals avoided the individuals who were tainted by AIDS. Another falsehood was that AIDS was brought about by something supernatural or magical (Taylor 23-24). Despite the fact that some were excessively cautious about â€Å"catching† the infection, others were not cautious enough. Since the underlying episode was among gay men it was essentially accepted that solitary gay men could be influenced. At that point reports of IV tranquilize clients having the malady despite everything appeared to wipe out the opportunity of the basic individual being contaminated. Next, hemophiliacs and individuals who had blood transfusions were accounted for followed by blacks, Hispanics, lesbians, straight ladies lastly white, hetero, guys. Still everybody said â€Å"It can†t happen to me,† until it did (Fried discourse). This suspicion that AIDS just influenced barely any measures of individuals and just minorities was the premise of all misguided judgments about that infection. Individuals didn't accept the infection could have any effect on their lives; at the same time, it impacted everyones lives straightforwardly and additionally by implication. Presently that â€Å"AIDS is the subsequent driving reason for death in the United States among individuals matured 25 to 44†³ (ARIC n. p. ), the misinterpretations have been demonstrated to be bogus. In spite of the fact that it was measurably right that 66% of individuals tainted by AIDS were gay guys, 24% were IV tranquilize clients, and just 4% were hetero guys or females (Packer 17) it was as yet a reality that AIDS can influence anybody. Following quite a while of examination and factual reports there were at long last individuals transferring these messages to general society. Inspirational orator, similar to Scott Fried, keep on contacting teenagers and grown-ups about AIDS and sex. Data about these subjects can likewise be found effectively, at emergency clinics or doctors† workplaces; yet in books, magazines, leaflets, and even on the web. Leading a basic inquiry on http://www. hurray. com thought of 164 â€Å"category matches,† 1,206 â€Å"web website matches,† and 237,000 site page matches. This implies HIV/AIDS shows up at any rate multiple times on th! e internet and it shows that AIDS in a significant segment of present day life. In addition to the fact that people are getting mindful of the AIDS scourge, however they are getting mindful of sexuality through finding out about AIDS. Before the flare-up of this lethal infection sex was just spoken about discretely. Presently even children are being made mindful of the risks of sex and spreading HIV. Thusly HIV/AIDS had a positive effect on the nation. Individuals know about the realities and most likely settle on better choices. A few specialists have said that AIDS will remain the manner in which it is presently and others anticipate it developing into a â€Å"huge epidemic† (Taylor 28). Ideally because of this extension of information and acknowledgment, he AIDS infection won't spread as fast and taint the same number of individuals as it has previously. HIV positive, gay, male, Scott Fried, stated, â€Å"Ironically one of the gifts that HIV/AIDS has brought me is the plenitude of adoration. . . † and maybe that is valid. Relating to the eighties and the beginning stage of the infection, AIDS caused substantially more disturbance than affection. Notwithstanding, every cloud has a silver coating and the craziness has at last cleared up certain legends. It has opened up general society to HIV/AIDS mindfulness, yet sexual comprehension also.

The Taming of The Shrew Analys essays

The Taming of The Shrew Analys expositions The Taming Of The Shrew The Taming Of The Shrew by William Shakespeare is most likely one of Shakespeares soonest comedies. Its plot originates from the mainstream war of the genders subject in which guys and females battle with each other for strength in a marriage. The play starts with an alcoholic man named Cristopher Sly being tricked into accepting he is an aristocrat and watching a play performed for him. This play ends up being the fundamental piece of The Taming Of The Shrew. In it, a rich man, Baptista Minola, endeavors to get his two little girls wedded. One is the peevish Katherine, while the other is the delightful Bianca. So as to ensure Katherine is hitched, Baptista announces that he won't permit Bianca to be hitched until after Katherine is hitched. This powers all of Biancas admirers to attempt to discover a spouse for Katherine with the goal that they can then thusly attempt to wed Bianca. Some would state that the story has an exceptionally chauvinist mentality, yet the truth is that it is a satire about a confident lady managing how she is required to act in the general public of the late sixteenth century. Considerably further, Katherine is figuring out how she should adhere to the unwritten principles of her general public so as to be acknowledged into it. In spite of the fact that the play closes with her acknowledgment to do what is normal by society this acknowledgment is just in real life. Despite the fact that, she fills the role of the dutiful spouse, she despite everything keeps up her confidence, yet now she just keeps it inside. Shakespeare presents the possibility of bogus real factors in the start of the play when the entertainers fool Christopher Sly into accepting he is somebody he isnt and masking themselves as different characters and playing out a play for him. This play-in-play structure even facilitates this thought Shakespeare has made of bogus real factors. In the play we consider a to be of models as Petrucio acts (masks) himself as somebody hes not... <!

The Impact of the Internet on Society Essay -- Technology Sociology

The Impact of the Internet on Society The Internet is, actually, a system of systems. It is involved ten a great many interconnected systems traversing the globe. The PCs that structure the Internet extend from enormous centralized computers in look into foundations to unassuming PCs in individuals' homes and workplaces. Notwithstanding the ongoing promotion, the Internet is anything but another marvel. Its foundations lie in an assortment of PCs that were connected together during the 1970s to frame the US Department of Defense's interchanges frameworks. Dreading the results of atomic assault, there was no focal PC holding huge measures of information, rather the data was scattered across a large number of machines. A lot of rules, of conventions, known as TCP/IP was created to permit divergent gadgets to cooperate. The first system has since a long time ago been overhauled and extended and TCP/IP is currently an accepted norm. A great many individuals overall are utilizing the Internet to share data, make new affiliations and convey. People and organizations, from understudies and writers, to experts, software engineers and corporate goliaths are for the most part saddling the intensity of the Internet. For some organizations the Internet is getting necessary to their tasks. Envision the capacity to send and get information: messages, notes, letters, reports, pictures, video, sound-pretty much any type of correspondence, as easily as making a call. It is straightforward why the Internet is quickly turning into the corporate correspondences medium. Utilizing the mouse on your PC, the natural point-and-snap usefulness gives you access to electronic mail for sending and getting information, and document move for replicating records starting with one PC then onto the next. Telnet administrations permit you to build up associations with frameworks on the opposite side of the world as though they were simply nea rby. This surge of data is a wonderful thing and it can just open the psyches of society. With the blast of the World Wide Web, anybody could distribute their plans to the world. Previously, so as to be heard one would need to experience distributers who were happy to put resources into his plans to get something put out for public consumption. With the coming of the Internet, any individual who has a comment can be heard by the world. By letting everybody express their genuine thoughts, this opens up every better approaches for intuition to any individual who is willing to ... ...ia Internet. †¢ Libicky Martin. Sept.1997. Material science Today. Data Warfare: A short manual for protection Preparedness. †¢ Chidley Joe-Caragata Warren. May 1995. Maclean⠡â ¦s. Wrongdoing in Cybercity. †¢ Ricci Steven. Oct.1998. Proficient guide. A Tangled Web. †¢ Belsie Laurent. Jul.1994. Christian Science Monitor. The Dark Side of Cyberspace. †¢ Hayes Brian. Sept./Oct.1994. American researcher. The internet †¢ Elias Marilyn-Weise Elizabeth. Apr.1998. Advanced Drug. †¢ Birkerts Sven. Jul.1997. National Review. The Net and the Self. †¢ Rogers Adams. Aug.1998. Newsweek. Great Medicine on the Web. †¢ Mannix Margaret. Jun.1997. U.S. News and World Report. Uncovered Online. †¢ Levy Steven. Jul.1997. Newsweek. On the Net, Anything Goes. †¢ Hellwege Jean. Jun.1997. Preliminary. Protection on the Internet. †¢ Laver Ross.Sept.1998. Maclean⠡â ¦s. The Sadness of Cyberspace. †¢ McAllester Matthew. Sept.1998. Newsday. Personality Crisis. Sites †¢ http://www.privacy.org †¢ http://www.epic.org †¢ http://www.cnil.fr †¢ http://www2.echo.lu:legal/en/dataport/directiv/directiv.html †¢ http://www.usq.edu/au/dec The Impact of the Internet on Society Essay - Technology Sociology The Impact of the Internet on Society The Internet is, truly, a system of systems. It is involved ten a large number of interconnected systems spreading over the globe. The PCs that structure the Internet run from tremendous centralized computers in inquire about foundations to unobtrusive PCs in individuals' homes and workplaces. Regardless of the ongoing promotion, the Internet is anything but another wonder. Its foundations lie in an assortment of PCs that were connected together during the 1970s to shape the US Department of Defense's correspondences frameworks. Dreading the outcomes of atomic assault, there was no focal PC holding huge measures of information, rather the data was scattered across a huge number of machines. A lot of rules, of conventions, known as TCP/IP was created to permit dissimilar gadgets to cooperate. The first system has since a long time ago been updated and extended and TCP/IP is presently an accepted norm. A huge number of individuals overall are utilizing the Internet to share data, make new affiliations and impart. People and organizations, from understudies and columnists, to experts, software engineers and corporate monsters are largely bridling the intensity of the Internet. For some organizations the Internet is getting essential to their activities. Envision the capacity to send and get information: messages, notes, letters, reports, pictures, video, sound-pretty much any type of correspondence, as easily as making a call. It is straightforward why the Internet is quickly turning into the corporate correspondences medium. Utilizing the mouse on your PC, the recognizable point-and-snap usefulness gives you access to electronic mail for sending and accepting information, and document move for duplicating records starting with one PC then onto the next. Telnet administrations permit you to set up associations with frameworks on the opposite side of the world as though they were sim ply nearby. This surge of data is a lovely thing and it can just open the brains of society. With the blast of the World Wide Web, anybody could distribute their plans to the world. Previously, so as to be heard one would need to experience distributers who were happy to put resources into his plans to get something put out for public consumption. With the appearance of the Internet, any individual who has a remark can be heard by the world. By letting everybody express their real thoughts, this opens up every better approaches for intuition to any individual who is willing to ... ...ia Internet. †¢ Libicky Martin. Sept.1997. Material science Today. Data Warfare: A concise manual for resistance Preparedness. †¢ Chidley Joe-Caragata Warren. May 1995. Maclean⠡â ¦s. Wrongdoing in Cybercity. †¢ Ricci Steven. Oct.1998. Proficient advisor. A Tangled Web. †¢ Belsie Laurent. Jul.1994. Christian Science Monitor. The Dark Side of Cyberspace. †¢ Hayes Brian. Sept./Oct.1994. American researcher. The internet †¢ Elias Marilyn-Weise Elizabeth. Apr.1998. Advanced Drug. †¢ Birkerts Sven. Jul.1997. National Review. The Net and the Self. †¢ Rogers Adams. Aug.1998. Newsweek. Great Medicine on the Web. †¢ Mannix Margaret. Jun.1997. U.S. News and World Report. Uncovered Online. †¢ Levy Steven. Jul.1997. Newsweek. On the Net, Anything Goes. †¢ Hellwege Jean. Jun.1997. Preliminary. Security on the Internet. †¢ Laver Ross.Sept.1998. Maclean⠡â ¦s. The Sadness of Cyberspace. †¢ McAllester Matthew. Sept.1998. Newsday. Character Crisis. Sites †¢ http://www.privacy.org †¢ http://www.epic.org †¢ http://www.cnil.fr †¢ http://www2.echo.lu:legal/en/dataport/directiv/directiv.html †¢ http://www.usq.edu/au/dec

Personal Learning Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Individual Learning Journal - Essay Example ce, for the undertakings alloted to our gathering, we previously decided all the practical targets to be accomplished as suggested by Hammond, Keenye and Raiffa (2006). Through our pioneer, we recognized the qualities and shortcomings of each colleague which guided in the allotment of assignments dependent on the abilities of every person. This caused the group increasingly compelling as well as made everybody to make the most of their undertakings. This experience gave a chance to me to apply the Rational Model. Sane Decision-Making Model includes a subjective procedure where each progression follows a sensible request from the progression previously. Being a psychological procedure implied that we needed to thoroughly consider and weigh up and to contrast all together with get the most ideal outcomes. The six stages in this model beginning with characterizing the issue, at that point recognizing the choice standards, distributing loads to the measures, building up the other options , assessing the other options lastly, choosing the best other option (Eisenhardt, 1989). Notwithstanding, the Rational Model accept that the leader has a steady arrangement of inclinations and knows about all other options. The result will be totally sound and there will be no time imperatives. This model unmistakably breaks down the experience of conveyance of undertakings inside a gathering. However much as could reasonably be expected, our pioneer was very much educated pretty much all the colleagues in view of the conferences that made him mindful of the qualities and shortcomings of every part, therefore helping in the simple and legitimate conveyance of undertakings. Another experience includes the forks challenge attempted during address time. The game expected us to show up a tall structure utilizing forks. With a period range of 15 minutes, it was a troublesome assignment. We clashed on whether to construct a square or triangle structure making us sub-separate into two littler gatherings. Notwithstanding, after at some point, we understood that we were unable to think of the tallest model without being joined together. In the long run, our gathering won, having concurred in

Why singapore failed to be a major trading centre?

Why singapore neglected to be a significant exchanging focus? â€Å"No antiquarian has yet enough disclosed why Singapore neglected to be a significant exchanging focus before the nineteenth century†. Pools Professor of History, Wong Lin Ken. a. Do new Dutch/Portuguese reports, maps and insufficient archeological proof going back past the nineteenth Century presently recommend that Singapore was ALWAYS a key spot all things considered? Various confirmations had been revealed, and reports and archeological discoveries particularly, unquestionably recommend that Singapore was to a great extent key between the time of Temasek, in fourteenth century, and late seventeenth century. In any case, to presume that Singapore was subsequently constantly vital would most likely be a lot of an exaggeration. This paper will examine Singapores vital noteworthiness, with the help of these confirmations, during the distinctive timeframes. During the fourteenth century, exchange was at that point progressing between the West, South Asia and East Asia. The Melaka Straits was critical for merchants to sail forward and backward the Indian Ocean toward the South China Sea. Cruising in the past relied upon wind course, along these lines ships needed to stop in Southeast Asia (SEA) to hang tight for an adjustment in wind heading to bring them towards either China or India. Singapore was thus a vital port since she was situated in SEA and along Melaka Straits, making it an advantageous visit subsequently the focal of universal exchange. Bits of celadon (from China), Chinese coins, parts of stoneware (predominantly from Guangdong and South Fujian) and earthernware (from Sumatra, Java and Borneo)and under-coated blue and white stem cup (progressively costly of porcelains from Jingdezhen during Yuan Dynasty)recovered bolster the above case as they recommend broad exchange joins Temasek had with China and SEA, and that its occupa nts, particularly the wealthier ones occupying Fort Canning, had the option to manage the cost of the more lovely results of Jingdezhen. Temasek at that point, had the option to draw in sea exchange by giving special items that opponent ports couldn't flexibly. Recorded by Wang Da Yuan in Daoyi zhilue,Temasek provided indigenous items like hornbills casques of astounding quality. Discovered distinctly between north of Malay Peninsula and South of Borneo, brokers can just lay their hands on it at Temasek or Palembang. Despite the fact that Lakawood was in plenitude, Temasek was one of the five ports that offer those of center quality. Celadon, white products and stonewares revealed at Riau Archipelago, going back to the time of Temasek, had examples and art like those imported from Temasek. Moreover, the starting point of glassbeads of Riau Archipelago and Temasek ought to be indistinguishable given comparative creations. Consequently, Temasek presumably filled in as an assortment community and a passage to trade for Riau Archipelago. For this situation, confirmations do propose that Singapore was flourishing and had a n effect on local economy and was therefore vital. During the fifteenth to seventeenth hundreds of years, however Singapore declined somewhat when Temasek was migrated to Melaka, parts of under-coated blue porcelains found at Kallang River, and Portuguese maps which show the nearness of a shahbandars office, as explained in (b), recommend that she held a portion of its vital importance as a port by keeping up some exchange with China. As referenced, being one of the deliberately arranged along the Melaka Straits, the force that had the option to raise a key predominance around the waters around Singapore would be advantaged regarding security and monetarily. The Dutch had needed to decimate Luso (Portuguese-Spanish) imposing business models in SEA when they previously began assaulting Portuguese exchanging ships around Singapore waters and pronounced war with the Portuguese when they attacked Santa Catarina and unloaded its items. This saw the maritime fights between the Dutch and Johor Sultanate, and Portuguese and Acehnese in the mid seventeenth century and offered ascend to the contemplations of sustaining Singapore by the two forces. Jacques De Coutre proposed to fabricate strongholds at the east bank of Singapore and Muar River estuary and station a maritime armada at Sentosa to shield Portuguese exchanging ships from the Dutch. Dutch had similar places as a primary concern for their fortress plans. Till this point, the Dutch and Portuguese reports do recommend that Singapore was key. In any case, the plans never acknowledged, which made us reexamine if Singapore was actually that vital all things considered. Singapores key hugeness took a turn in the eighteenth century. There was very little proof to demonstrate this timeframe, yet by referencing to my logical information, we realize that the Dutch moved their concentration from the Melaka Straits to the Sunda Straits, Portuguese redirected their exchange to Japan experiencing issues exchanging the Melaka Straits and Johor Sultanate moved their cash-flow to the Lingga Archipelago, moving the oceanic silk street southwards. Singapore lost its incentive with the declination of Melaka Straits and was deserted. She not, at this point held any key hugeness to members of the oceanic exchange. Maybe it is unequivocally that very little proof was discovered that goes back to this timeframe that it recommends that exchanging exercises Singapore was kept to its base. Besides, no coins or porcelains were revealed that dates past the Song and Yuan Dynasty, and the Ming Dynasty separately, further supporting my logical information. It is apparent that Singapores vital criticalness changes with time, contingent upon human-related factors, for example, governmental issues and financial aspects, and subsequently is relative. The confirmations may appear to infer that Singapore was constantly vital, however when seen from another edge, they can likewise recommend in any case as expressed in the past passage. In this manner to state that they propose that Singapore is constantly vital might be excessively extraordinary. b.In light of this proof, should Singapores history from 1511 to 1819 be composed as (1) minimal in excess of a tired angling town? (2) a declining yet at the same time flourishing emporium with on leg on each side of fervently challenged vital waters (3) some portion of the Johor Sultanate?Please clarify your inclination. From the fifteenth century to seventeenth century, Singapore was a (3) some portion of the Johor Sultanate, yet she was (2) a declining yet flourishing emporium with on leg on each side of fervently challenged vital waters between the sixteenth and seventeenth century. It was distinctly during the mid eighteenth century that exchange Singapore began plunging, and she was seen by the British as a tired angling town when they ventured aground in 1819. Consequently, (1) minimal more than â€Å"a tired angling village† reasonably portrays Singapores history between this period as it is a more extensive title and along these lines incorporates both (2) and (3), and the decrease of significance of Singapores port coming about because of the declination of the Melaka Straits during the eighteenth century represents Singapore being â€Å"a tired angling village†. At the point when Singapore was (3), exchange was all the while continuous however immaterial contrasted with its Temasek period. Unearthings on the north bank of Singapore River, where a settlement was once present, and Kallang River uncovered pieces of pottery and under-coated blue porcelains with plans going back to the standard of Ming Emperor Wanli (1573 to 1620). Comparative discoveries in Johor Lama and Johor Shoal suggest that the discoveries in Singapore had a place with the Johor River exchange constrained by the Johor Sultans. Some may propose that these pieces may have been arranged into the Kallang River when ships visit for provisions since they broke during the journey, and not in view of exchange present Singapore. This might be valid, be that as it may, as indicated by two Portuguese maps, a shahbandar of the Johor Sultans office was included on the southern shore of Singapore, refuting the above guess and demonstrating that exchange at the Kallang River was thriving to the degree it required a shahbandar to run it. This additionally demonstrates Singapore at that point, was proceeding with some level of exchange with China, indicating that she was (1). As referenced, exchange was likewise falling, contrasted with its Temasek period, as during this time, Melaka was the principle port for universal exchange. Singapore at that point, bolstered Melaka by giving products from herself to Melaka to trade. A model being blackwood, which was brought from Singapore to Melaka, and afterward purchased in mass by Chinese merchants. (2) may now appear to be conceivable now in the exposition since Singapore was a declining yet flourishing emporium, and proof show that its waters are fervently challenged for between the Dutch and Johor Sultanate, and the Portuguese and Acehnese, and Singapore was seen by both as vital to construct a stronghold to accomplish their individual points as referenced in (a). In any case, one may wish to take note of that Singapores waters may not be that key all things considered. In 1613, Aceh effectively assaulted Batu Sawar as she was disturbed about the marking of the harmony arrangement between Johor Sultanate and Portuguese, revealing the defenseless situation of Singapore waters, rendering it not, at this point key. Besides, when Melaka Straits lost its significance to Sunda Straits in the late seventeenth century, Singapore was disregarded and declined over the eighteenth century. Its waters were not, at this point challenged and the issue on it being vital or not got superfluous. A town of Orang Lauts and Malays, not being quite a bit of an arrangement, were all that were left in Singapore. Melaka Straits was loaded up with privateers and Singapore, lying on the Straits, was henceforth observed as a languid angling town by the British when they arrived in the nineteenth century. (2) doesn't consider these happenings, in this manner it is defecti ve in portraying Singapores history. Taking everything into account, (1) best portrays Singapore history as it obliges the period when Singapore seemed to be (3), when exchange was dynamic however declining, the period when it was viewed as vital and its waters challenged by the Dutch and Portuguese, up to the period when British established Singapore as a drowsy fi

Oxbridge Revolt Against Tuition Fees!

Oxbridge Revolt Against Tuition Fees! The OE Blog In a mark of rebellion more shocking than anything so far attempted by education protesters, top academics from Oxford University have moved for a vote of no confidence in the education policies of Universities Minister David Willetts. Inspired by the government’s U-turn on NHS policy, the academics hope similarly to “force the government to re-think”. Events developed even further this week, when a group of top Cambridge University professors followed suit, signing a motion urging their fellow academics to join forces with their traditional rivals. Now the ‘congregation’ of Oxford University academics will hold an extensive debate on the issue and, if the motion is carried, will declare a symbolic ‘vote of no confidence’ in Willetts and his proposed overhaul of higher education funding. It seems likely that Cambridge University will follow suit, presenting a formidable united front against the new tuition fees policy that proposes to transfer the cost of higher education from state to student in 2012. Protesters have raised enormous concerns about the impact the new £9000 tuition fees will have on fair access to university, as rocketing prices are extremely likely to dissuade students from more disadvantaged backgrounds from applying to university at all. This is particularly pertinent as it coincides with the government’s withdrawal of the Education Maintenance Allowance and the Aim Higher scheme, both of which existed to encourage poorer students to continue on to higher education. The UK’s top universities have now joined the fight, and it will be very interesting to see whether they will have as strong an impact as the ‘vote of no confidence’ of doctors’ and nurses’ unions had on the proposed NHS overhaul. The academics feel they have a very strong argument, because in addition to initial concerns over the plans, several new problems and inconsistencies have arisen as the new policy has unfolded. It was discovered, for example, that the timeline of the proposals set students who chose to defer entry to university this year at a severe disadvantage, as they were forced to make uninformed decisions about their degree choices without access to vital funding and fees information. In addition, the government’s financial plans for the scheme have been thrown into disarray and ridicule, as almost all UK Universities have chosen to set their fees at the highest level of £9000, contrary to the £7500 average on which Willetts based his calculations. Tuition fees took yet another tumble two weeks ago, when ministers desperately suggested that extra off-quota places might be created to solve the problem of over-subscription and over-pricing, only to be immediately quelled by a roar of dissent from protesters and academics alike, who claimed that this was tantamount to allowing the richest students to ‘buy their way in’ to the best universities. Top Cambridge University English fellow Dr Jason Scott-Warren described the government’s higher education policies as “badly though-through” and “unravelling as they proceed”. He hopes that the example set by Oxford and Cambridge might influence other academics and university congregations across the UK to join the revolt, declaring that “if other academics across the country speak out against the changes, it’s possible that will force the government to rethink.” The battle lines are drawn. We can only wait to see if he will be right…

Prerogative Power John Locke’s Dangerous Yet Obligatory Concession - Literature Essay Samples

John Locke’s theory of the social contract seems, at first glance, to envision the growth of freedom and the concomitant recession of authority. Considered this way, John Locke’s Second Treatise of Government presents a clear contrast, manifesting individual freedom as the dominant political value to which authority submits. A more searching glance, however, discloses a far more complicated theory. Locke’s system of governance struggles to prove how the prerogative of the executive branch can abide by the values of justice and equality supposedly mandated by the Law of Nature and the social contract. In Locke’s tripartite government, where power is shared among the legislative, executive, and federative branches, there will inevitably arise â€Å"such cases, which depending upon unforeseen and uncertain occurrences, certain and unalterable laws could not direct.†[1] In these situations, the executive, or ‘the prince,’ has prerogative to act on behalf of the state, so long as his actions provide for the common good of the people. Locke erects his system of liberal governance based on an understanding of inherent human goodness in the state of nature and in doing so, necessarily affords excessive prerogative to the prince. While Locke is careful to control for significant breaches of prerogative power, he leaves his society unprotected against infrequent or minor transgressions on liberty based on a belief in the unscrupulousness and obtuseness of the commonwealth’s majority. By entering society, Locke posits that man is guaranteed the right â€Å"not to be subject to the inconstant, uncertain, unknown, arbitrary will of another man† (IV.22), but rather to the civil laws which are supreme in the society. In the limited instances â€Å"wherein a strict and rigid observation of the laws may do harm† (XIV.159), the prince has the authority to exercise his prerogative, so long as it is toward the end of the commonwealth’s preservation. However, Locke expects that the citizens of the society may not monitor the executive’s actions closely enough to prevent his arbitrary and harmful exercise of prerogative. In fact, the prerogative of the executive â€Å"is undoubted prerogative, and never is questioned: for the people are very seldom scrupulous† (XIV.161). Note that Locke intends ‘scrupulous’ to mean inattentive, rather than morally unprincipled. The inattentiveness with which Locke describes the society’s people seemingly creates an opportunity for sweeping exploitation of executive prerogative power. Additionally, Locke argues that even when the people do apprehend a breach of the power entrusted in the executive, they are unlikely â€Å"to amend the acknowledged faults in the frame they have been accustomed to† (XIX.223). Thus, Locke paints a picture of society’s masses as both inattentive and obtuse. Even when injustices are perceived, individual cases of mistreatment go largely ignored. In reference to the majority, Locke writes that, â€Å"the examples of particular injustice, or oppression of here and there and unfortunate man, moves them not† (XIX.230). According to the Law of Nature, the majority is primarily interested, in the self-preservation of the majority. Locke expects that the Law of Nature and the masses’ inherent tendencies will prevent them from perceiving executive wrongdoing, noting specific injustices against individuals, and demanding change from their government. Given that Locke’s government derives its legitimacy by the consensual route through which it is conceived, it seems entirely plausible that the executive could exercise legitimate–albeit arbitrary and unjust–prerogative power, due to the myopic and stubborn nature of his citizens. However, Locke argues that the unjust exercise of executive prerogative cannot continue indefinitely: while the people may be inattentive to slight and infrequent injustices committed by the executive in issues unaddressed by law, they will take notice and demand executive change â€Å"if a long train of [executive] actions shew the councils tending that way† (XIX.210), meaning if a long train of harmful executive prerogative actions illuminate the prince’s wickedness. When the obtuse citizens eventually apprehend the wrongful actions of the executive, the people will consider â€Å"the tendency of the exercise of such prerogative to the good or hurt of the people† (XIV.161) in determining if action should be taken against the prince. Given that the people will consider the long chain of unjust actions to be evidence of the prince’s tendency toward iniquity, the majority will demand usurpation of the prince or punitive action through established political channels. Accordingly, Locke believes that is it impossible for the executive to significantly abuse his prerogative power in a way that does not uphold the liberties of his people. In fact, despite his belief in the peoples’ unscrupulousness, Locke argues that the unjust prerogative actions of the prince need not proceed too far because the executive will restrict his own wretched prerogative actions. Locke argues that, â€Å"this [unjust prerogative action] operates not, til the inconveniency is so great, that the majority feel it, and are weary of it, and find a necessity to have it amended. But this the executive power, or wise princes, never need come in the danger of: and it is the thing, of all others, they have most need to avoid, as of all others the most perilous† (XIV.168). While it is not immediately clear whether Locke is arguing that the arbitrary exercise of prerogative is perilous for the executive or for the commonwealth, it is reasonable to assume that both are true. Regarding the former, Locke posits that all men are subject to the Law of Nature and necessarily secure their self-preservation above all else. By abusing his preroga tive, the prince would indirectly expose himself to the potential danger of loss of power and bodily harm (if his actions threatened the physical safety of the majority) if the people were to rebel in any manner. On the other hand, Locke may be arguing that the prince is inherently good and would avoid actions that led to the peril of his citizens. This view is more consistent with Locke’s theory of human nature. Therefore, while Locke concedes that the prince could, theoretically, abuse his prerogative in areas not covered by law and infringe on the liberty of the commonwealth’s citizens, it is in the best interests of the prince to exercise his prerogative power solely for the preservation of citizens’ liberty. While it is reasonable to expect that the executive authority will be aware of the personal dangers associated with the hindrance of his citizens’ individual liberties, there is still ample opportunity for the prince to encroach upon his citizens’ liberty for his own prosperity. Certainly, the â€Å"wise ruler†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (XIV.164), will also be aware of the inattentiveness of his citizens, their apathy toward individual cases of mistreatment and their tendency not to demand change of the government that is familiar to them. A Machiavellian executive could deliberately infringe upon the rights of his citizens in a minor fashion, in his own interest, without any negative personal consequences. Locke affirms this when he writes that, â€Å"revolutions happen not upon every little mismanagement in public affairs† (XIX.225). Locke may have been aware of such opportunities for the prince to abuse his prerogative power, but he believes that the executive is not only wise, but is also â€Å"good†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (XIV.164) and so will act only for the preservation of the commonwealth. Thus, all rests on the validity of Locke’s conclusions regarding the benevolence of human nature. Locke’s insistence on human goodness in the state of nature is absolutely necessary for the liberal political system that he constructs. When the commonwealth’s majority determines the prince’s actions to run counter to their best interests, the prince must necessarily â€Å"forfeit the power the people had put into their hands† (XIX.222). If the state of nature were worse than tyrannical government under the arbitrary rule of the prince, the people would be foolish to oppose their prince, who is the only barrier between them and the state of nature, as Thomas Hobbes argues in Leviathan. However, such dissent is appropriate in Locke’s system of government, allowing the people to protect their individual liberty without risking return to a horrid state of nature. Indeed, Locke contends that life under an unjust executive is actually â€Å"worse, because under such governments the inconveniences are as great and as near as in the state of nature† (XIX.225) and, thus, encourages opposition to the executive when he betrays the trust of the people. Still, due to Locke’s insistence on humankind’s magnanimity, he was obligated to extend this label to the executive, as well. Locke does not deny that self-serving people exist, nor does he posit that the executive will be faultless. However, Locke considers human goodness to be the norm rather than the exception and so allows the executive needlessly excessive prerogative with the expectation that the benevolent nature of the prince will ensure the liberty of the commonwealth. Yet, while Locke admits that the imperceptive and obtuse nature of the majority could allow for infringement on citizens’ liberties, he believes that the beneficence of the prince will prevent such violations from occurring. Such a view of human nature may be overly optimistic and opens the pathway to tyranny. [1] Locke, John. Second Treatise of Government; Edited with an Introduction by C.B. Macpherson. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 1980. Print. XIV.158

Significance Of The Second Nun Essay - 1222 Words

Part one: The Pilgrim In order to understand the significance of the second nun we must first look at the duties and life of a traditional medieval nun. Medieval nuns and priests were expected to live a very devout and highly moral life. Medieval nuns and priests must be fully dedicated to god and christian faith. The daily life of a medieval nun was formulated around three main vows established by St Benedict in 480-550 AD, The vow of Poverty, The vow of Chastity and the Vow of obedience. As dictated by these vows nuns and priests must live very modestly and renounce everything they own for use of the common good, remain chaste for their entire lives and must be obedient to god as well as their superiores. Medieval nun’s and priests lived isolated from civilization in fully self sustained compounds know as covenants. Inside the covenant nun’s and priest were expected to perform daily tasks such as: washing and cooking for the monastery, raising the necessary supplies of vegetables and grai n, producing wine, ale and honey, providing medical care for the community, providing education for novices, spinning, weaving and embroidery, and Illuminating manuscripts. In addition to these tasks nuns and priest followed a very strict and routine schedule of daily prayers known as the book of hours. All nuns and priests were expected to attend the prayers and would immediately stop what they are doing to inorder attend. Due to the lack of description in the general prologue and factShow MoreRelatedThe, The Buddhist Monastic Order1692 Words   |  7 PagesThe Sangha, the Buddhist monastic order, comprises Bhikku (monks), Bhikkuni (nuns), laymen, and laywomen. 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Bohrium Facts - Element 107 or Bh

Bohrium is a transition metal with atomic number 107 and element symbol Bh. This man-made element is radioactive and toxic. Here is a collection of interesting bohrium element facts, including its properties, sources, history, and uses. Bohrium is a synthetic element. To date, it has only been produced in a lab and has not been found in nature. It is expected to be a dense solid metal at room temperature.Credit for the discovery and isolation of element 107 is given to Peter Armbruster, Gottfried  Mà ¼nzenberg, and their team (German) at the GSI Helmholtz Centre or Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt. In 1981, they bombarded a bismuth-209 target with chromium-54 nuclei to obtain 5 atoms of bohrium-262. However, the first production of the element may have been in 1976 when Yuri Oganessian and his team bombarded bismuth-209 and lead-208 targets with chromium-54 and manganese-58 nuclei (respectively). The team believed it obtained bohrium-261 and dubnium-258, which decays into bohrium-262. However, the IUPAC/IUPAP Transfermium Working Group (TWG) did not feel there was conclusive evidence of bohrium production.The German group proposed the element name nielsbohrium with element symbol Ns to honor physicist Niel Bohr. T he Russian scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia suggested the element name be given to element 105. In the end, 105 was named dubnium, so the Russian team agreed to the German proposed name for element 107. However, the IUPAC committee recommended the name be revised to bohrium because there were no other elements with a complete name in them. The discoverers did not embrace this proposal, believing the name bohrium was too close to the element name boron. Even so, the IUPAC officially recognized bohrium as the name for element 107 in 1997.Experimental data indicates bohrium shares chemical properties with its homologue element rhenium, which is located directly above it on the periodic table. Its most stable oxidation state is expected to be 7.All isotopes of bohrium are unstable and radioactive. Known isotopes range in atomic mass from 260-262, 264-267, 270-272, and 274. At least one metastable state is known. The isotopes decay via alpha decay. Other isotopes may be susceptible to spontaneous fission. The most stable isotope is bohium-270, which has a half-life of 61 seconds.At present, the only uses for bohrium are for experiments to learn more about its properties and to use it to synthesize isotopes of other elements.Bohrium serves no biological function. Because it is a heavy metal and decays to produce alpha particles, it is extremely toxic. Bohrium Properties Element Name: Bohrium Element Symbol: Bh Atomic Number: 107 Atomic Weight: [270] based on longest-lived isotope Electron Configuration:  [Rn] 5f14  6d5  7s2 (2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 13, 2) Discovery: Gesellschaft fà ¼r Schwerionenforschung, Germany  (1981) Element Group: transition metal, group 7, d-block element Element Period: period 7 Phase: Bohrium is predicted to be a solid metal at room temperature. Density:  37.1  g/cm3  (predicted near room temperature) Oxidation States:  7, (5), (4), (3) with states in parentheses predicted ones Ionization Energy:  1st:  742.9  kJ/mol,  2nd:  1688.5  kJ/mol (estimate),  3rd:  2566.5  kJ/mol (estimate) Atomic Radius: 128 picometers (empirical data) Crystal Structure: predicted to be hexagonal close-packed (hcp) Selected References: Oganessian, Yuri Ts.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; Bailey, P. D.; et al. (2010-04-09).  Synthesis of a New Element with Atomic Number  Z117.  Physical Review Letters. American Physical Society.  104  (142502). Ghiorso, A.; Seaborg, G.T.; Organessian, Yu. Ts.; Zvara, I.; Armbruster, P.; Hessberger, F.P.; Hofmann, S.; Leino, M.; Munzenberg, G.; Reisdorf, W.; Schmidt, K.-H. (1993). Responses on Discovery of the transfermium elements by Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, California; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna; and Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt followed by reply to responses by the Transfermium Working Group.  Pure and Applied Chemistry.  65  (8): 1815–1824. Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). Transactinides and the future elements. In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean.  The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements  (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands:  Springer ScienceBusiness Media. Fricke, Burkhard (1975).  Superheavy elements: a prediction of their chemical and physical properties.  Recent Impact of Physics on Inorganic Chemistry.  21: 89–144.

Who Is Baby Boomer - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 555 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/10/31 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Baby Boomer Genertation Essay Did you like this example? Baby boomer is a person who was born between 1946 and 1964. The origin of the name baby boomers is due to the immense number of births that were happening. In the beginning of the boom, 3.4 million infants born in the U.S.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Who Is Baby Boomer?" essay for you Create order The numbers kept increasing to nearly 4 million infants in between years 1953 and 1964. In the end of 1964, over the course of a 22-year period, about 76.4 million infants were brought into existence. The baby boomers are the 2nd biggest generational group in the history of the U.S. and they will continue to have a significant mark on the U.S..   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the year 1964, the Civil Rights Act was passed in the U.S.A. This put an end to being segregated from areas or places based on race, color, religion, and sex. The passing of this law has done so much for all people that they can actually talk and it not turned into some incident or death. I believe this did a lot more for blacks than any race due to the fact that they couldnt be turned away because of the color of their skin. After years of struggle and setbacks, they could finally attempt to live in peace.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 1965, Malcolm X was assassinated. He was born in Omaha, Nebraska in 1925. He had lost his father in 1931 as he was murdered by White Supremacists. He became a man that could help stop the deaths of blacks that were being killed. Malcolm was great at his job, he steadily gained followers and he was becoming more and more influential as time went on. Until February 21st 1965, Malcolm X was assassinated by rival Black Muslims while addressing his Organization of Afro-American Unity (which was founded in 1964) in Washington Heights. He was shot to death and was barely even able to experience the world with the Civil Rights Act in play.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan was beginning. There was a grand total of 93 nations participating. The grand total of participants was 5,151. The number of men was 4,473 and women was 678. Like many Olympics before the men have always been the majority. This was the debut of other events such as sumo wrestling and judo matches. New Olympic records were set in 27 of the 36 events in the track-and-field competition. The end result of this Olympics was the U.S. coming out on top with the most number of gold medals that being 36.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Winter Olympics of 1980 in Lake Placid for the second time is about to commence. In this Olympics only 37 nations participated and only a little over 1000 contestants. The men were the majority with 840 with the women at only 232. This is the age of television and rising numbers of viewers, that Lake Placid wasnt prepped entirely for this event. The U.S. ice hockey team defeated the powerful Soviets, and gained the gold. The big winners of the Winter Olympics were the Soviet Union with a total of 10 gold medallions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To conclude, the sports never cease to fail. The Olympics is such a popular event that everyone watches. It brings many nations and individuals together, to compete and have a good time. The Baby Boomer generation was definitely booming with many insane events taking place. We are now about to move into the next generation and see how the Olympics and other things played out.

Case Study Managers And Management - 2010 Words

Lecture 1: Managers Management - Dealing with organisations outside - Relating to supervisors - Interacting with co-workers - Manage yourself in the workplace Managers: what they do âž ¢ Management – pursuit of organisational goals efficiently and effectively âž ¢ Effectiveness: attaining organisational goals using resources âž ¢ Efficiency: achieving results, making the right decisions to achieve organisational goals âž ¢ Four primary functions: planning, organising, leading, controlling âž ¢ Planning: setting goals, deciding to achieve a certain goal âž ¢ Organising: arranging tasks, people, resources to accomplish the work âž ¢ Leading: motivating, directing, influencing people to achieve the organisation’s goals âž ¢ Controlling: monitoring†¦show more content†¦Competitive advantage 2. Globalisation 3. Diversity 4. Information technology (IT) 5. Ethics 6. Sustainability 7. Happiness life goals Lecture 2: The External Environment Environment: †¢ Managers and organisations: influenced and interact within the environment †¢ Environmental uncertainty: managers understand, predict changes and trends the environment affects organisations †¢ Stakeholders: heavily relied on individual interests †¢ Internal stakeholders – employees, owners, board of directors Task environment: †¢ Customers: paying to use an organisation’s

Positive Psychology Free Essays

Martin Seligman is one of the founding fathers of positive psychology. Seligman created that Idea of â€Å"learned helplessness. † This idea Is related to depression and overlaps Julian Rotters â€Å"external local of control. We will write a custom essay sample on Positive Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now † Learned helplessness explains the factors In ones lte that they cannot escape. For example, If you are a young girl growing up in a house with your mother who is depressed, sad, abusive, etc then you are more likely to become depressed, sad, and feel helpless. These traits become ur surroundings which then become your life, you dldnt do it to yourself. ut it is almost as if you were taught to be miserable. Seligman also found the three pillars to positive psychology. pleasure. gratification and meaning. These are believed to be the three factors that make happiness possible. Pleasure can come about during good conversation3 sensual experience3 hobbies and so on. This route to happiness suffers from being somewhat superficial and not long-lasting. This is why repetition is important, Repetition often has the opposite impact and can be self-destructive, Gratification is all about being engaged with ones individual strengths or positive traits. Gratification requires effort but provides a deeper level of satisfaction. Finally, meaning. this comes from using one’s strengths to benefit something larger than itself. Mih?ly Csikszentmih?lyi, another psychologist important to positive psychology believes that almost everything you experience has flow. Flow iS a State Of complete engagement in an activity. Flow iS that feeling Of ‘time flies when your’re having fun,† our Whole being iS involve and every action, movement and thought follows the previous one. Csikszentmih?ly believes that now is experienced by everyone in different ways. some might experience flow while playing a sport, while others might experience it in activities such as drawing or painting. He says, â€Å"Flow also happens when a person’s skills are fully involved in overcoming a challenge that is just about manageable, so it acts as a magnet for learning new skills and increasing challenges. If challenges are too ICY†, one gets back to flow by increasing them. If challenges are too great, one can return to the flow state by learning new skills. † (Flow-The Psychology, Csikszentmih ¤lyl) Positive psychology Is a way of life that teaches you not how to ignore negative situations and experiences but how to cope and overcome those experiences. Positive psychology can have a range of real-world applications In areas including education. therapy, self-help. stress management and workplace issues. using strategies from positive psychology. teachers, coaches, therapists and employers can ngths. How to cite Positive Psychology, Papers Positive Psychology Free Essays Positive psychology is a newer type of psychology that focuses on the positive aspects of living a happy lifestyle. There are many ways to one can improve their lifestyle to a positive way of living. For example, practicing new positive exercises over a certain amount of time, such as, meditating, expressing who/what you are grateful for and practicing random acts of kindness to others. We will write a custom essay sample on Positive Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now If you are a negative person, you must first become familiar with why you are negative and must be willing to change that in order to live the life of positivity. Martin Seligman is one of the founding fathers of positive psychology. Seligman created that idea of â€Å"learned helplessness.† This idea is related to depression and overlaps Julian Rotters â€Å"external local of control.† Learned helplessness explains the factors in one’s life that they cannot escape. For example, if you are a young girl growing up in a house with your mother who is depressed, sad, abusive, etc then you are more likely to become depressed, sad, and feel helpless. These traits become your surroundings which then become your life, you didn’t do it to yourself, but it is almost as if you were taught to be miserable. Seligman also found the three pillars to positive psychology, pleasure, gratification and meaning. These are believed to be the three factors that make happiness possible. Pleasure can come about during good conversations, sensual experiences, hobbies and so on. This route to happiness suffers from being somewhat superficial and not long-lasting. This is why repetition is important. Repetition often has the opposite impact and can be self-destructive. Gratification is all about being engaged with ones individual strengths or positive traits. Gratification requires effort but provides a deeper level of satisfaction. Finally, meaning, this comes from using one’s strengths to benefit something larger than itself. Mihà ¡ly Csà ­kszentmihà ¡lyi, another psychologist important to positive psychology believes that almost everything you experience has flow. Flow is a state of complete engagement in an activity. Flow is that feeling of â€Å"time flies when your’re having fun,† your whole being is involve and every action, movement and thought follows the previous one. Csà ­kszentmihà ¡ly  believes that flow is experienced by everyone in different ways. Some might experience flow while playing a sport, while others might experience it in activities such as drawing or painting. He says, â€Å"Flow also happens when a person’s skills are fully involved in overcoming a challenge that is just about manageable, so it acts as a magnet for learning new skills and increasing challenges. If challenges are too low, one gets back to flow by increasing them. If challenges are too great, one can return to the flow state by learning new skills.† (Flow-The Psychology, Csà ­kszentmihà ¡lyi) Positive psychology is a way of life that teaches you not how to ignore negative situations and experiences but how to cope and overcome those experiences. Positive psychology can have a range of real-world applications in areas including education, therapy, self-help, stress management and workplace issues. Using strategies from positive psychology, teachers, coaches, therapists and employers can motivate others and help individuals understand and develop their personal strengths. How to cite Positive Psychology, Papers

Analysis of Solar Panels-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Questions: Recommend the best Solar Panel to Purchase for Implementation on the Campuses Buildings. Answers: Introduction This report aims at providing the results obtained from the analysis of solar panels and therefore provide a recommendation of the best solar panel to be implemented in the campuses buildings. The report will narrow down to answering specific questions such as: the solar panel that would be the most recommended if the overall score was based on greenhouse gas reduction only, based on gross return only, and the most recommended if the greenhouse weight was changed during calculations. This analysis is worthwhile because it helps in settling for the best of all solar panels not based on preference, but based on the logical factors which are highly significant. Through this analysis, the best, durable and most efficient solar panel will be obtained which will serve to the utmost, the purpose that it was meant to achieve. Besides, it is also worthwhile because it will provide the university with reasons why they are settling for a specific product, and not the other hence ruling out the act of bias in selecting the product to purchase. This analysis will also ensure that future risks and losses that could have occurred if the analysis wasnt done, are avoided. For instance, the University could purchase a solar panel based on the affordability in terms of cost, therefore preferring the less costly solar panel. However, after the purchase, there may be higher maintenance costs resulting from the low quality product initially purchased (O'Farrell, 2017). With the analysis and report in place, all the unnecessary risks and losses can be avoided. This is very significant in todays society because it takes into consideration the environmental status of the state. The research and analysis ensures that the recommended solar panel is environmental friendly hence lowering the dangers of environmental pollution by ensuring that the solar panel has a high rate of greenhouse gas reduction. Conducting the solar panel analysis is also relevant in todays world in that it ensures that the management has invested in a product that they are sure of gaining a predictable amount of returns in the near future. The management, subordinates, and people in the community indeed care about this. Before the management choses to provide their full support in a project, they need to be perfectly convinced that they are investing in something that is important. They need to be given a valid and backed up documentation explaining all the analysis and the return that the product will bring or the cost that it will save the company from. Discussion Calculations were conducted on the given data, an interpretation done and finally an analysis was conducted, leading to specific recommendations (Microsoft, 2017). Below is a chart generated from the data provided. The chart shows the variation of price and the gross return per year: Just as solar panels differ in variety, make, and design, so do they in their prices, performance and the amount of returns they bring in. This affirms that there are solar panels that are significantly better than others. The chart outlines how that is true. The different solar panels have different rates of gross return per year. The difference in the rates of return result from other factors considered to get the gross income. The factors include: output capacity, length, width, price, area, electricity generated, value of electricity generated, efficiency, and greenhouse gas reductions. Given the scoring criteria based on the graph, I would recommend Mr Solar EKS and SolarLife AB200 because they have the highest gross incomes compared to the rest. They also have low prices which would make them affordable. However, if the scoring criteria was changed, then the recommended solar panel will also be different. Below is the calculated data based on the constant and the variables provided For instance, if the overall score was calculated based on greenhouse gas reductions alone, the recommended solar panel would be Fusion Catcha. This is because it has the maximum rate of greenhouse gas reduction. This is essential as it will contribute to keeping the environment clean by reducing the greenhouse gases as opposed to the rest which have lower rates of greenhouse gas reduction. Using solar power energy replaces the electricity currently in use, which emits greenhouse gases. The solar panel with the highest greenhouse gas reduction rate will therefore be very significant and hence the most preferable one. It will help in reducing the carbon footprint and the amount of pollution missions released into the atmosphere at a faster rate (hudsonenergysolar, 2017). Suppose the overall score was calculated on based on gross return (%) alone, the recommended solar panels would be Mr Solar EKS and SolarLife because they have the highest gross return percentages. Having the highest gross returns will be beneficial to the company. Although the gross return rates are not the final word when it comes to calculating the companys profits, in this case, because there are no other expenses given, it would be wise to get along with the solar panel that will yield great gross returns. The returns will be beneficial to the University (Investopedia, 2017). If the greenhouse gas reductions were weighted twice as high as the other factors to calculate the overall score, the recommended solar panel would be Fusion Catcha. This is because it will have an overall score of 32% making it the highest compared to the rest. This means that it will be the best putting all factors into consideration including the greenhouse gas reduction. Having the greatest overall score proves the respective solar panel to be the most efficient, convenient and preferable. The spreadsheet below outlines the overall score based on the greenhouse gas reductions weighted twice as high as the other factors: The recommended solar panel would be Fusion Catcha if the greenhouse gas reductions was weighted three times as high as the other factors. This is so because Fusion Catcha will still retain the highest overall score of 42% compared to the rest which have low percentages. This clearly shows that Fusion Catcha would be the one to implement. It will capture the greenhouse gases with practically no impact on the environment (Anon., 2017). The excel sheet below show the overall score based on the greenhouse gas reductions weighted three time as high as the other factors: The gross return of the best solar panel (Fusion Catcha), is realistic. It is realistic because the solar panel is very good, and highly efficient all round. There are other costs that have not been taken into account such as the installation cost, maintenance and repair cost throughout the year. In addition, it is realistic because the gross returns dont reflect the overall profit that is acquired, instead, it only sums up everything and wraps it up. It will be worth mentioning that gross returns can be very misleading at times (Super life, 2017). The CQUniversity should definitely invest in this solar power because it is highly efficient and the amount of energy produced is also high. Using the solar power helps in reducing the electricity demand on the grid. The initial cost is the only thing that will be high but afterwards it will be a swift ride in maintaining the solar power. The CQUniversity should establish partnerships with the companies providing the solar panels (Anon., 2017). This will help them reduce the costs of solar installations and make solar power more attractive. They should also create other projects that will act as a source of the funds for solar energy investment. The University should also try and find out the incentives being offered by the solar companies to their customers. For instance, the following types of solar power incentives exist: investment tax credit for solar, solar renewable energy certificates, state tax credits, cash rebates, and performance based incentives. For the investment tax credit, the government provides a solar tax credit that allows the consumers to deduct a portion of their solar expenses from their taxes. Cash rebates refers to instances where the University can receive cash from the state or any other organization that wants to promote solar energy (Anon., 2017). Rebates are available for a certain period of time and once the solar has been installed. They can help reduce the cost of solar implementation by 10 to 20 percent. In addition, the University can sign up for the performance-based incentives when they identify one. The state or the solar panel manufacturing company pays the solar energy system owners a kilo watt per hour credit of the amount of electricity produced. By identifying and taking charge of such opportunities, the University will be able to reduce the cost of solar installation hence making it an interesting investments venture. Conclusions If a company needs to set a strong foundation in a new venture of investment, then they should do their homework impeccably. In line with the above statement, after analyzing the given data on the various solar panels, rest assured that the company can confidently place the Fusion Catcha solar panel in the campuses buildings. Based on the findings, the Fusion Catcha solar panel has the highest overall score, making it the best adoptable panel. The overall score is a calculation based on the initially stated factors. It has the highest output capacity of 1600, a length and width of 1600 and 2900 respectively, generates electricity of 4088(KW/Year), $613.20 per year value of electricity, 34% efficiency, 3.47% (Ton/Year) greenhouse gas reductions, and a gross return per year of 12%. This would be the best solar panel to deploy in the campuses buildings. It is worth noting that sometimes cheap is expensive. Therefore, when choosing a product to invest in all factors need to be put into consideration alongside cost References Anon., 2017. Solar panel incentives, rebates tax breaks. [Online] Available at: https://www.energysage.com/solar/cost-benefit/solar-incentives-and-rebates/ Anon., 2017. Solar Power. [Online] Available at: https://www.solarresourceguide.org/solar-environmental-benefits/ hudsonenergysolar, 2017. Benefits to the Environment. [Online] Available at: https://hudsonenergysolar.com/benefitstotheenvironment.html Investopedia, 2017. Gross Sales. [Online] Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/grosssales.asp Microsoft, 2017. Create a chart from start to finish. [Online] Available at: https://support.office.com/en-us/article/Create-a-chart-from-start-to-finish-0baf399e-dd61-4e18-8a73-b3fd5d5680c2 O'Farrell, R., 2017. Advertising Marketing Analysis Advantages Disadvantages of Cost Benefit Analysis. [Online] Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-disadvantages-cost-benefit-analysis-10676.html Super life, 2017. Gross returns can be very misleading. [Online] Available at: https://superlife.co.nz/gross-returns-can-be-very-misleading-news

Economics of Globalization

Question: Write an essay on "Economics of Globalization". Answer: Mercantilism One of the most vital economic systems which were used during the sixteenth and the eighteenth century is known as Mercantilism. The main objective of Mercantilism was to augment the wealth of the nation by imposing government guideline concerning all of the profitable interest of the nation. It was supposed that nationwide strength could be exploited by restrictiveimportsthrough tariffs and by maximizing exports (Queralt, 2015). Mercantilism is also known as commercialism. It is a system in which a country endeavors to a mass prosperity via trade with other nations, where export exceeds the imports and in turn increasing the stores of gold and costly metals. Now days it is considered as a system which is out of date (Heckscher, 2013). The term mercantilism has come from a Latin word where mercan means buyer. The government trade is encouraged by mercantilism which in turn helps in regulating wealth. Even though mainly discarded today, it was the major school of financial thought from the 15th through the 18th Centuries. The term Mercantile System was coined by Adam Smith, also known as the father of Economics. It was invented mainly to explain the political system that required enriching the country by limiting imports and encouraging exports (Vaggi Groenewegen, 2016). Figure 1: Mercantilism The Western part of the European economics was subjugated by this system. During this period, the armed conflict between nation-states was both more recurrent as well as more widespread than any other time in the past. The armed forces and navies of the major characters were no longer provisional forces hoisted to tackle a precise threat or purpose, but were full-time specialized forces. The most important financial objective of each of the administration was to control an adequate quantity of hard coinage in order to sustain a military that would discourage attacks (Stern Wennerlind, 2013). Most of the policies of the mercantilist include the development of the relationship between the governments of the nation-states as well as the merchant classes. During the mercantile period, distribution was very important. With the enlargement of colonies and the consignment of gold from the New World into Spain and Portugal, organizing of the oceans was measured fundamental to nationwide power. Mercantilism was a response adjacent to the financial problems of previous times when states were too frail to direct their financial systems and when every municipality or principality charged its own tariffs on merchandise passing through its borders (Reinert Carpenter, 2014). The essence of mercantilism was referred to as the bullionism. In order to ensure the economic prosperity of the economy it is very important to make few imports and many exports. This in turn creates a generation of net inflow of foreign exchange and in turn maximizes the gold stockpile of the country. These ideas are quite attractive to the government (Smith, 2014). Absolute advantage The absolute advantage is the capability of a country and an individual as well as a company in order to manufacture commodities or services at a subordinate cost per unit than the cost at which any other unit produces those commodities or services. Entities possessing absolute advantages have the capability to produce a commodity by using less number of inputs and or using more effectual process than a different party producing the similar manufactured goods or service (Schumacher, 2012). Figure 2: Absolute Advantage Absolute advantage refers to the capability of a unit in order to produce a larger quantity of a commodity. Absolute advantage is defined by Adam Smith in terms of International Trade. Labour is the only input which is used. It mainly contrasted with the concept of comparative advantage (Seretis Tsaliki, 2015). In the year 1700, the father of economics Adam Smith taught that the states should discover out what they can manufacture more proficiently and thenfocusin what they do most excellent while dealing with other states who are also doing what they are best at. A unit can have an absolute advantage in more than one commodity or service. It helps in explaining why it makes intellect for countries as well as individuals and businesses to deal with each other. Since each nation has advantage in producing a particular good, that nation can benefit from deal (Feenstra, 2015). Absolute advantage is a condition that takes place in comparative advantage theory. It takes place when one country can generate more of a given goods with same or less resources than the different country. From the above diagram it can be seen that Country A has absolute advantage over olives as compared to that of Country B which has an absolute advantage over oranges. Thus Country B should focus and trade. As per the figure, Country A will not able to generate as much oranges as compared to Country. With the fixed possessions, Country A can create 20 units of olives while Country B can generate only five units. However, Country B can produce fifteen units of oranges as compared to that of Country A which can produce only three units. Thus, from the above diagram it can conclude that Country B should produce oranges and Country A can produce olives and trade them with each other (Valenta, 2014). Absolute advantage does not unavoidably denote a financial system should manufacture that good. This necessitates a country to have acomparative advantage. For instance, one state may have an absolute advantage in a lot of goods but it is not sensible to attempt and create the whole thing. It is better to concentrate on merchandise where an individual have an absolute advantage (Cuat Melitz, 2012). Comparative Advantage When the firm or an entity can generate goods or services at lower opportunity cost, it leads to comparative advantage. It gives the industry the capability to sell commodities or services at a lesser price than its contestants and comprehend stronger sales margins. The entire focus of the country depends on the comparative advantage or disadvantage (Costinot et al., 2013). The slope of a production possibility curve reflects the opportunity cost of production. Raising the production of a particular good means that less of the different can be generated. Ceterbis paribus means that presumptuous there is no precise information known that can be determined by the relative advantage of production of each country in a convinced group by looking at the slope of the PPCs.As per the diagram, the PPC of Country A is evidently steeper than that of the PPC of Country B. This means that Good A is given up more quickly as the country tries to augment the production of Country B. As a result, the opportunity cost of generating good A for the country A is much more than producing the good for Country B (Maneschi, 2013). Figure 3: The Comparative Advantage The theory of Comparative advantage reflects the method by which the world is becoming an international trading market. Economic theory proposes that, if states relate the standard of comparative advantage, collective output will be greater than before in contrast with the output that would be shaped if the two states attempts to become autonomous and assign possessions towards manufacture of both goods. Let us assume an example. Suppose there are two countries that are UK and Australia. They both produce textiles and books. The level of production is shown in the below table: In case of UK in order to produce one unit of textile it has an opportunity cost of four books. However, in case of Australia in order to produce one unit of textile it has an opportunity cost of 1.5 books. The above is an example of production without trade. However the principle of comparative advantage can be criticized in the following ways: It may exaggerate the advantages of specialization by paying no attention to a number of costs. The theory also supposes that markets arecompletely competitive- in particular, there is perfect mobility of features without anyretreating profits. However, the reality is likely to be diverse with production from factor inputs which are subject to diminishing returns. The Limitation of the Early Theory of Trade The limitations are as follows: It does not take into report the cost of global transportation Trade flows are distorted by the limitations of tariffs and import Scale finances can bring about extra efficiencies The services are not traded internationally The large scale of production in certain companies results in economics of scale, lower prices and in turn counterbalance weak domestic comparative advantage The public sector can target and spend in certain industries, build communications as well as provide financial supports. This in turn serves in order to boost the comparative advantage of the firms (Feenstra, 2015). The Limitations of Mercantilism The limitations of Mercantilism are as follows: The emphasis which was mostly put on money was one of the limitations of Mercantilism. The merchants put much stress on silver and gold which in turn was never accurate prosperity of a nation. The true prosperity of the nation was natural resources and industrial units. However, Mercantilism ran behind gold and silver and in turn was not able to serve the individuals appropriately. Due to Mercantilism, clash took place among the European countries. Each country competed in order to become more influential as compared to other. Colonialism took place due to Mercantilism. Markets were needed by the European countries in order to sail their surplus. Germany, Italy, Spain, France and Portugal were also in the race. This in turn led to hostility mong the diverse countries (Atkinson, 2014). Mercantilism was also a one way passage. It mainly put the stress on export rather than import. It is quite difficult to be self sufficient. There did not exist any requirement on the part of the state to obstruct in trade and business. However, it hindered in human rights. As a result, both Adam Smith and the Physiocrats highlighted on Free Trade. Mercantilism, besides putting emphasis on trade and commerce also deserted other characteristics of life which included education and agriculture. This was one of the major limitations of Mercantilism. It was also found that Mercantilism followed strong opinion that a state can increase at the awareness of the other. However, it was not acceptable. The reason was that it stressed the relation between two states (Greenfeld, 2014). The Limitations of Absolute Advantage The limitations of absolute advantages are as follows: More factors of production in the real world, goods are produced with the help of several factors which includes capital, land and labour. In that circumstance, a product cannot be ranked as per the absolute advantage as their manufacture in one state requires more of one input and at the same time less of a different input than in a different state. Inter-industry trade versus intra-industry trade in the inter-industry trade one type of god is exchanged for another type of good. Most of the countries gets engaged in the intra-industry trade in which the similar types of goods are exchanged. As a result, the intra industry trade is becoming more significant. It assumes that labor can toggle between commodities without difficulty and they will work with same competence, which in actuality cannot take place (Handel, 2013). The theory of absolute advantage does not take into account the cost of transportation which is involved in selling the goods in the global market () The Limitations of Comparative Advantage The limitations of comparative advantages are as follows: The theory of comparative advantage is based on an untrue assumption that wages between industries do not differ. It has been reported that the construction and production workers are paid more as compared to that of the retail workers. Even the employees having the same skills receive diverse wages in diverse division of the economy. In that case, if the economy specializes in the low wage sector, it will hurt the employees moving from high wage sector to low wage sector (Chagnon et al., 2013). The nature and organization of certain industries may be such that the advantages from trade may accumulate only to extremely few of the workers. This may lead to worsening the situation as the preponderance of workers will be worse off in spite of deriving aggregate gains from trade. The different goods have diverse elasticity of demand. In rough economic times when international demand may be declining, a financial system specializing in creating jewelry, for example, may find it complicated to deal its products to hoist sufficient money to import foodstuff (Stewart Shamdasani, 2014). Comparative advantage measures stationary advantage but not any self-motivated advantage. One of the most vital limitations of this theory is that it assumes constant returns to scale. It has been argued that if a country specializes in wine, then why the country will produce wheat. The country in turn will import wheat rather specialize in that. In reality, a country produces a meticulous product and also imports a part of it. However, this occurrence was not explained by the theory of comparative advantage (Copeland Taylor, 2013). References Atkinson, R. D. (2014). The Rise of Innovation Mercantilism.The International Economy,28(2), 30. Chagnon, P. L., Bradley, R. L., Maherali, H., Klironomos, J. N. (2013). A trait-based framework to understand life history of mycorrhizal fungi.Trend Copeland, B. R., Taylor, M. S. (2013).Trade and the environment: Theory and evidence. Princeton University Press. Costinot, A., Donaldson, D., Vogel, J., Werning, I. (2013). DP9765 Comparative Advantage and Optimal Trade Policy. Cuat, A., Melitz, M. J. (2012). Volatility, labor market flexibility, and the pattern of comparative advantage.Journal of the European Economic Association,10(2), 225-254. Feenstra, R. C. (2015).Advanced international trade: theory and evidence. Princeton university press. Feenstra, R. C. (2015).Advanced international trade: theory and evidence. Princeton university press. Gibbs, C. (2016). Presentation "International Economics Classical and Neoclassical Trade Theory.". Slideplayer.com. Greenfeld, L. (2014). Mercantilism Reimagined: Political Economy in Early Modern Britain and Its Empire. Edited by Philip J. Stern and Carl Wennerlind (New York, Oxford University Press, 2014) 404 pp. $99.00.Journal of Interdisciplinary History. Handel, M. J. (2013). Putting tasks to the test: Human capital, job tasks, and wages.Journal of labor Economics,31(2 Part 2), S59-S96. Heckscher, E. F. (2013).Mercantilism. Routledge. lengkapku, L. (2014). 10: Absolute Advantage vs. Comparative Advantage. Grupodiez-irbinus.blogspot.in. Maneschi, A. (2013). 10. International trade theory and comparative advantage.Research Handbook on Global Justice and International Economic Law, 274. Queralt, D. (2015). From Mercantilism to Free Trade: A History of Fiscal Capacity Building.Quarterly Journal of Political Science,10(2), 221-273. Reinert, E., Carpenter, K. (2014).German Language Economic Bestsellers before 1850, with two chapters on a common reference point of Cameralism and Mercantilism. TUT Ragnar Nurkse School of Innovation and Governance. Schumacher, R. (2012). Adam Smiths theory of absolute advantage and the use of doxography in the history of economics.Erasmus Journal for Philosophy and Economics,5(2), 54-80. Seretis, S. A., Tsaliki, P. V. (2015). Absolute Advantage and International Trade Evidence from Four Euro-zone Economies.Review of Radical Political Economics, 0486613415603160. Smith, B. (2014). Mercantilism Reimagined: Political Economy in Early Modern Britain and Its Empire. Edited by Philip J. Stern and Carl Wennerlind. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2013. Pp. ix, 404. $99.00.The Journal of Economic History,74(04), 1228-1229.

Aids In Africa Essays (2395 words) - Pandemics, HIVAIDS,

Aids In Africa As recently as 1990, there were some regions of the world that had remained relatively unscathed by AIDS. Today, however, there is not a single country around the world which has wholly escaped the AIDS epidemic. As the epidemic has matured, some of the developed nations which were hard hit by the epidemic in the 1980s such as the United States have reported a slowing in the rate of new infections and a stabilization among existing cases with lower mortality rates and an extension of post-diagnosis lifespan. However, despite the changing face of the global AIDS pandemic, one factor remains unchanged: no region of the world bears a higher AIDS-related burden than sub-Saharan Africa. This paper examines the demographic effects of AIDS in Africa, focusing on the hardest-hit countries of sub-Saharan Africa and considers the present and future impact of the AIDS epidemic on major demographic measures such as fertility, mortality, life expectancy, gender, age, and family structure. Although the sub-Saharan region accounts for just 10% of the worlds population, 67% (22.5 million) of the 33.4 million people living with HIV/AIDS in 1998 were residents of one of the 34 countries of sub-Saharan Africa, and of all AIDS deaths since the epidemic started, 83% have occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (Gilks, 1999, p. 180). Among children under age 15 living with HIV/AIDS, 90% live in sub-Saharan Africa as do 95% of all AIDS orphans. In several of the 34 sub-Saharan nations, 1 out of every 4 adults is HIV-positive (UNAIDS, 1998, p. 1). Taxing low-income countries with health care systems inadequate to handle the burden of non-AIDS related illnesses, AIDS has devastated many of the sub-Saharan African economies. The impact of AIDS on the region is such that it is now affecting demographics - changing mortality and fertility rates, reducing lifespan, and ultimately affecting population growth. Although Africa is the region of the world hardest hit by AIDS, and although no country has entirely escaped the virus, prevalence rates vary dramatically between regions, countries, and even within countries. In general, the southern region is the most affected, with Botswana, Namibia, Swaziland and Zimbabwe showing the highest rates, while West Africa has been less affected. In almost all countries, the HIV/AIDS prevalence rate is significantly higher in urban areas than in rural areas. Within the general population, the highest prevalence rates are found among the sexually active adult (15 to 49 years old) population. Women tend to get infected at earlier ages than males for a variety of biological and sociocultural reasons. In recent years an intensive government-sponsored HIV prevention campaign focusing on use of condoms and changes in sexual behavior has produced impressive results. Researchers however, have yet to satisfactorily explain the broad variation in HIV seroprevalence between Western and Eastern sub-Saharan Africa. As Gilks (1999) observes, in some of the countries of Western Africa such as Senegal, low levels of HIV prevalence in adults have been maintained for about a decade, despite many circumstances highly conducive to appreciable and sustained transmission (p. 181). In some Western African nations, early and sustained prevention programs may be responsible for the differences, although other reports indicate that comparatively low transmission rates prevail in most of the Western countries regardless of programs designed to encourage safer sex (UNAIDS, 1998, p. 2). Reports also show that differences in the rate of HIV spread between East and West Africa cannot be explained by differe nces in sexual behavior alone. AIDS researchers typically make a distinction between concentrated and generalized transmission patterns of the virus. In a concentrated transmission pattern, infection tends to be concentrated within vulnerable groups such as homosexual men, prostitutes, and IV drug users. In the generalized pattern, infection is diffused broadly through the population, typically by means of heterosexual transmission. In sub-Saharan Africa, where heterosexual transmission predominates, the pattern is that of generalized transmission. Compared to the U.S. little HIV transmission in Africa is related to IV drug use or unprotected homosexual sex. In addition to heterosexual transmission, transmission via transfusion and through contaminated medical equipment is not uncommon in sub-Saharan Africa. Africans infected with HIV die much sooner after diagnosis than HIV-infected persons in other parts of the world. Studies in industrialized countries that